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Invited Conference Presentations

Optimality in Neural Networks and Grammar. International Conference on Cognitive and Neural Systems. Boston University, May, 2000.
Recoverability and constraint interaction in phonology in syntax. Conference on the Optimization of Interpretation. Utrecht, The Netherlands, January, 2000.
Overview of Optimality Theory. Symposium on Optimality Theory. Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Vancouver, August, 1999.
Optimality in Neural Networks and Cognition. Workshop on Neuronal Assemblies, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Washington, D.C., July, 1999.
Turbidity and opacity. Workshop on Phonology and the Lexicon. University of Alberta, Edmonton, June, 1999.
Optimality and cognition. Inaugural Conference for the Program in Cognitive Science, University College Dublin, May, 1999.
Phonological opacity and turbid representations in Optimality Theory. 35th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago, April, 1999.
Grammar and processing in OT syntax. Architectures and Mechanisms of Language Processing, Edinburgh, Scotland. September, 1997.
Toward a generative theory of (OT) grammar use. Computational Psycholinguistics, Berkeley, CA. August, 1997.
Universal Grammar and learnability in Optimality Theory. GALA Conference on Language Acquisition: Knowledge Representation and Processing, Edinburgh, Scotland. April, 1997.
Controversies in cognitive science: The case of language. Invited Symposium Organizer/Moderator, Cognitive Science Society. San Diego. July, 1996.
Connectionist generative linguistics, or, How and why I turned from radical-chic connectionism to embrace up-tight, east-coast, reactionary connectionism, or, In defense of constructive engagement in the politics of cognitive science. Invited symposium speaker: Celebration of the 10th anniversary of publication of the PDP books. Cognitive Science Society. San Diego. July, 1996.
Putting classical computationalism in perspective. Speaker, discussant and organizer, symposium on Non-symbolic computation. Society for Philosophy and Psychology. San Francisco. June, 1996.
Computational issues in Optimality Theory. Conference of the Computational Linguistics Special Interest Group of the German Linguistics Society. Düsseldorf, Germany. October, 1995.
Current developments in Optimality Theory. Conference on Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods. Royaumont/Paris. July, 1995.
When is less more? Faithfulness and minimal links in wh-chains. MIT Conference on Optimality in Syntactic Theory. Cambridge, MA. May, 1995.
The adventures of John Locke in the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension, wherein he encounters Noam Chomsky. Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Atlanta, GA. August, 1994.
Connectionism meets generative linguistics: Optimality in Universal Grammar. Plenary talk, First International Summer Institute in Cognitive Science. Buffalo, NY. July, 1994.
Grammar as non-numerical optimization: Universal Grammar, learnability, and parsing in Optimality Theory. Annual Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics, June, 1994.
Optimality in language and cognition. Annual Conference of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology. Memphis, TN. June, 1994.
Knowledge of language and its acquisition in Optimality Theory. Conference on Cognitive Models of Language Acquisition. Tilburg, The Netherlands. April, 1994.
Optimality Theory: Universal grammar, connectionism, learnability and computability. CUNY Sentence Processing Conference. New York, NY. March, 1994.
Harmony, markedness, and phonological activity. Keynote Address, Rutgers Optimality Workshop. New Brunswick, NJ. October, 1993.
An integrated connectionist/symbolic theory of grammar. Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Boulder, CO. June, 1993. Integrated connectionist/symbolic computation and formal languages. International Symposia on Information Sciences. Fukuoka, Japan. July, 1992.
Connectionism, compositionality, and the explanation of productivity. Conference on Cognition and Representation. Buffalo, NY. April, 1992.
Optimality. Keynote address, West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics XI. Los Angeles. February, 1992.
Relating symbolic and sub?symbolic models of cognition: The High Road. Royal Society Conference on Hybrid Models of Cognition: The Problems of, and Requirements for, Combining the Use of Subsymbolic and Symbolic Computing. London. September, 1991.
Harmonic Grammar: A connectionist approach to natural language syntax. Scandanavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Roskilde, Denmark. May, 1991.
Connectionism and linguistic competence: Harmonic Grammar. CUNY Sentence Processing Conference. Rochester, NY. May, 1991.
Optimality. Arizona Phonology Conference. Tucson, AZ. April, 1991.
Neural and psychological interpretations of connectionist models. Neural networks, Harmony, and grammar. Symposium on Neural Networks. Linz, Austria. September, 1990.
Parallel distributed processing of symbolic structure. Connectionism in Perspective. Zurich, Switzerland. October, 1988.
Distributed representation of structured data. Neuro?Image. Bordeaux, France. October, 1988.
Connectionism and psychological explanation: An honest assessment. Symposium on Connectionism and Psychological Explanation. National Meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology. Chapel Hill, NC. May, 1988.
Representing structured information in connectionist networks. Symposium on Parallel Distributed Processing in Man and Machine. European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research. Vienna, Austria. April, 1988.
Analyzing connectionist computation. Plenary address, Annual Meeting of the Society for Mathematical Psychology. Berkeley, CA. August, 1987.
Computer-aided reasoned discourse. Panel on social science and system design: interdisciplinary collaborations. Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interfaces Conference. Toronto, Canada. April, 1987.
At what level are the principles of cognition?-A connectionist position. Symposium on Connectionist Models and Neural Networks, National Meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology. Baltimore, MD. June, 1986.
Ethical questions and the military dominance in next-generation computing in America. Symposium on Ethical Issues in New Computing Technologies, National Conference of the Association for Computing Machinery. San Francisco, CA. October, 1984.

Invited Speaker Series Presentations

Connectionist Universal Grammar. Ida Cordelia Beam Distinguished Lecture. University of Iowa. 1999.
From Neurons to Universal Grammar. University of California at San Diego Cognitive Science Distinguished Speaker Series. 1996.
Connectionism and Linguistics. Vassar College Cognitive Science Speaker Series. 1996.
Connectionism and Universal Grammar. Cornell University. Cognitive Studies Speaker Series. 1995.
Harmony?Theoretic Phonology. Rutgers University. Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science. December, 1992.
Harmonic Grammar. University of Vienna. Artificial Intelligence and Cybernetics Speaker Series. September, 1990.
From neurons to symbols: A multi?level framework for cognitive science. Memphis State University. University Lecture Series. January, 1990.
Connectionism and cognitive architecture: An integrative approach. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Program in Cognitive Science Speaker Series. January, 1990.
Structuring knowledge in a neural net. Brandeis University, Center for Complex Cognitive, Neural, and Computational Systems. April, 1989.
Language processing in connectionist networks: Some fundamental issues. Indiana University, Cognitive Science Speaker Series. April, 1989.
Connectionist constituency: A reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn. MIT, Program in Cognitive Science. March, 1988. Vectorial representations and constituency in connectionist networks. University of Pennsylvania, Sloan Cognitive Science Series. January, 1988.
Connectionism and levels of analysis in cognitive systems. University of Minnesota, New Directions in the Philosophy of Cognitive Science Series. May, 1987.
On the proper treatment of connectionism. Princeton University, Program in Cognitive Science. February, 1987.
The hypotheses underlying connectionism. University of California at Berkeley, Program in Cognitive Science. October, 1986.

Workshops Led

Harmonic phonology. University of Arizona, Tucson, Cognitive Science Program. April, 1991.
Connectionism and cognitive science. Vassar College, Poughkeepsie NY, Cognitive Science Program. May, 1991.

Invited Workshop Presentations

Why syntax is different (but not really): Ineffability, violability and recoverability in syntax and phonology. Is syntax different? Common cognitive structure for syntax and phonology in Optimality Theory. Stanford. December, 1998.
Constraint interaction in generative grammar II: Local Conjunction, or Random rules in Universal Grammar. Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop/University of Maryland Mayfest. May, 1997.
Tutorial: Optimality Theory (for syntacticians and others). Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop/University of Maryland Mayfest. May, 1997.
Generalizing optimization in OT: A competence theory of grammar 'use'. Workshop on Optimality Theory and Cognition. Stanford. December, 1996.
Integrating connectionist and symbolic computation. NSF Conference on Approaches to AI. Santa Fe, NM. November, 1992.
Compositionality, tensor product representations, and Harmonic Grammar. Interdisciplinary Workshop on Compositionality in Cognition and Neural Models. Paris. May, 1991.
Harmonic Grammar. Language: With or without rules? Questions from universal grammar, cognitive grammar, and connectionism. Durham, New Hampshire. May, 1990.
The connectionist view. Workshop on Iconic and Symbolic Representations in Mental Models. MIT. Cambridge, MA. March, 1990.
Emergence of symbolic computation from connectionist computation. International Symposium on Synergetics of Cognition. Elmau, West Germany. June, 1989.
On the relation between formal linguistics and connectionism. Workshop on Parallel Distributed Processing of Language. Vienna, Austria. April, 1988.
The constituent structure of connectionist mental states. Spindel Philosophy Conference on Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mind. Memphis, TN. October, 1987.
Cognitive modeling: relations between connectionist and symbolic approaches. Symposium on Cognitive Science. Cerisy-la-Salle, France. June, 1987.
Analyzing connectionist computation. Symposium on Connectionism. University of Toronto, Canada. April, 1987.
Computer-Aided Reasoned Discourse. Symposium on Cognitive Science: Theory, Methodology, and Applications, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Southwest and Rocky Mountain Division Annual Meeting. Boulder, CO. April, 1986.
Cognition: From microstructure to macrostructure. Neural Connections/Mental Computation: Conference on Biological Computation. Tucson, AZ. February, 1986.
Harmony theory and phase transitions in thermal models. Workshop on Parallel Distributed Processing. La Jolla, CA. June, 1984.
A thermal model of problem solving. Workshop on Stochastic Parallel Computation. Boston, MA. May, 1984.

Other International Invitations (declined)

Invited speaker, Workshop on conflicting rules, Potsdam University, Dec. 1999.
Invited speaker, Economy in the structure and computation of natural language. Lyon, France. Oct. 1999.
Invited speaker, Computationalism - The next generation. Vienna, May 1999.
Invited speaker, Cognitive Science Tutorial Speaker Series, University of Delaware. 1998
Invited speaker, Cognitive Science Distinguished Lecture Series, Carleton University, Ottawa. 1998.
Invited speaker, Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing. Dublin, August 1998.
Organizing committee, Workshop on Computing Constraints, Annual Conference on Computational Linguistics, Montreal. August 1998.
Invited speaker, Conference on Memory and Linguistics Processing, Utrecht, Holland. May 1998.
Invited speaker, International Workshop on Approaches to Phonology, Abbaye de Royaumont, France. June 1998.
Invited speaker, Conference on Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. August 1997.
Invited speaker, Korean Conference on Cognitive Science. Seoul, August 1997.
Invited speaker, Language and Cognition in Language Acquisition, Odense. Denmark, Aug. 1997.
Invited speaker, Carnegie Symposium on Cognition. Pittsburgh, May 1997.
Invited speaker, Workshop on Conflicting Constraints, Groningen, The Netherlands. July, 1996.
Faculty, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences International Summer School, Groningen, The Netherlands. July, 1996.
Invited speaker, Workshop on Dynamics, Computation, and Cognition, Santa Fe Institute. May, 1996.
Faculty, Summer School in Cognitive Science, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria. July, 1996, 1995.
Invited speaker, Conference on Recent Developments in Connectionism, Ottawa, June 1996.
Invited contributor, Special Issue on Cognitive Science, il cannocchiale: rivista di studi filosofici, 1996.
Editorial Board, Cognition, 1995-.
Invited speaker, Workshop on Derivations and Constraints in Phonology, Colchester, England, September, 1995.
Invited speaker, Linguistic Society of Korea; Korean Society for Cognitive Science. July 1995.
International Program Committee, World Conference on the Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence. Paris. July, 1995.
Invited speaker, Fourth International Conference on Cognitive Science. San Sebastián, Spain. May, 1995.
Optimality and processing in phonology. Processing Consequences of Phonological Diversity. Trieste, Italy. April, 1995.
Invited speaker, Second Swedish Conference on Connectionism. March, 1995.
International board of consulting editors, Human Cognitive Processing: An Interdisciplinary Series on Language and Other Mental Faculties, John Benjamins Publishing Co. February 1995.
Advisory Board, Handbook of Neural Computation. Oxford/Institute of Physics Publishing. April, 1994.
Invited speaker, Weizmann Institute Workshop on Immunology as a Cognitive Science, Rehovot, Israel. April 1994.
Chair of session on Optimality Theory, Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Society of America, Boston, MA. January 1994.
Invited talk and tutorial, International Conference on Neural Networks, Nagoya, Japan. October, 1993.
Invited Speaker, Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium: Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences. Kirchberg/Wechsel, Austria. August 1993.
Invited Speaker, Models of Cognition. Salernes, France. May, 1993. Invited Speaker, Perceptual Multistability and Semantic Ambiguity Workshop, Bremen, Germany. March 1993.
Program Committee Member, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. San Francisco. March, 1993.
Invited Speaker, Conference on Brain and Cognitive Processes. San Marino. December, 1992. Invited Speaker, Linguistics Society of Belgium. Antwerp, Belgium. November, 1992.
Invited Speaker, First Swedish Conference on Connectionism. Skovde, Sweden. September, 1992.
Invited Speaker, Workshop on Integrating Speech and Natural Language. Dublin, Ireland. July 1992. Invited Speaker, International Conference on the Holonomic Theory of Perception. Australia. July, 1992.
Invited Speaker, Irish Neural Networks Conference. Belfast, Northern Ireland. June, 1992.
Invited Speaker, Round?table on the continuum in Linguistic Semantics. Caen, France. June, 1992.
Invited Speaker, Second Interdisciplinary Workshop on Compositionality in Cognition and Neural Models. Paris. June, 1992.
Invited Speaker, 9th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science; Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence and Computational Psychology Section. Uppsala, Sweden. August, 1991.
Invited speaker, Conference on Adaptive Learning and Neural Networks. Ulm, Germany. July, 1991.
Invited Speaker, 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Science. San Sebastian, Spain. May, 1991. Keynote speaker, TEC?COMP 91, International Congress on New Horizons of Artificial Intelligence. Mexico City. April, 1991.
Invited Speaker, Congress on Linguistic Engineering 91. Paris. January, 1991.
Invited Speaker, Conference on Emergence, Supervenience, and Non?reductive Materialism. Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung, Universität Bielefeld, Germany. October, 1990.
Program Committee, Tutorial Speaker, and Invited Speaker, Cognitiva meeting. Madrid. October, 1990.
Invited Speaker, Colloquium on Continuous Mathematics. Cerisy?la?Salle, France. September, 1990.
Colloquium Speaker, Forschungsinstitut für anwendungsorientierte Wissensverarbeitung. Ulm, Germany. July, 1990.
Instructor, International Summer School in Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence. Bolzano, Italy. July, 1990.
Invited Speaker, Turing Colloquium. University of Sussex, Brighton, England. April, 1990.
Invited Participant, Mind and Brain symposium. Zentrum für intedisziplinäre Forschung, Universität Bielefeld, West Germany. December, 1989.
Invited Speaker, Connectionism and language. The New University, San Marino, Italy. October, 1989.
Invited Speaker, European Mathematical Psychology Meeting. Nijmegen, The Netherlands. August 1989.
Invited Participant, Workshop on Connectionism. Birkbeck College, London. July 1989.
Instructor, Eurotra Machine Translation Advanced Course Programme. Barcelona, Spain.
Visiting Lecturer, University of Vienna.
Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Cognitive Science, Beijing.

Contributed Conference Presentations

Phonological processing deficits in aphasia. Cognitive Science Society. Philadelphia, PA. August, 2000.
Implementing the dual route in a single route. Cognitive Science Society. Vancouver. August, 1999.
Optimality in sentence processing. Computational Psycholinguistics. Berkeley, CA. August, 1997.
Optimal sentence processing. Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop/University of Maryland Mayfest. May, 1997.
The learnability of Optimality Theory. West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. San Diego, CA. February, 1994.
Analytic typology of case marking and grammatical voice based on hierarchies of universal constraints. Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, CA. February, 1993.
Harmonic Grammars for formal languages. Neural Information Processing Systems. Denver, CO. December, 1992.
Harmonic Grammar: A progress report on connectionist mathematical linguistics. Third Conference on the Mathematics of Language. Austin, TX. November, 1992.
Rule induction through integrated symbolic and subsymbolic processing. Neural Information Processing Systems. Denver, CO. December, 1991.
The connectionist scientist game: Rule extraction and refinement in a neural network. Cognitive Science Society. Chicago, IL. July, 1991.
Learning explicit rules in a neural network. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Seattle, WA. July, 1991.
Unifying syntactic and semantic accounts of unaccusativity: A connectionist approach. Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, CA. February, 1991.
Recursive structure processing and Harmonic Grammar. Neural Information Processing Systems. Denver, CO. November, 1990.
Harmonic Grammar - A formal multi?level connectionist theory of linguistic well?formedness: An application. Cognitive Science Society. Cambridge, MA. July, 1990.
Harmonic Grammar - A formal multi?level connectionist theory of linguistic well?formedness: Theoretical foundations. Cognitive Science Society. Cambridge, MA. July, 1990.
Can connectionism contribute to syntax? Chicago Linguistics Society. Chicago, IL. April, 1990.
Virtual memories and massive generalization in connectionist combinatorial learning. Cognitive Science Society. Ann Arbor, MI. August, 1989.
Skeletonization: Trimming the fat from a network via relevance assessment. Neural Information Processing Systems. Denver, CO. November, 1988.
Application of the interactive activation model to document retrieval. Neuro?Nîmes: Neural networks and their applications. Nîmes, France. November, 1988.
Analyzing a connectionist model as a system of soft rules. Cognitive Science Society. Montreal, Canada. August, 1988.
Analysis of distributed representation of constituent structure in connectionist systems. IEEE Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems: Natural and Synthetic. Denver, CO. November, 1987.
On the connectionist reduction of conscious rule interpretation. Cognitive Science Society. Seattle, WA. July, 1987.
Statistical mechanics and parallel computation. La Jolla Institute Center for Studies of Nonlinear Physics Dynamics Days. La Jolla, CA. January, 1985.
Parallel computation: The brain and artificial intelligence. Southern California Artificial Intelligence Society. Los Angeles, CA. October, 1984.
Formalizing task descriptions. International Federation for Information Processing Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. London, England. September, 1984.
A parallel model of problem solving. Cognitive Science Society. Boulder, CO. June, 1984.
The mathematical role of self?consistency in parallel computation. Cognitive Science Society. Boulder, CO. June, 1984.
User-centered system documentation. Human Factors in Computer Systems. Boston, MA. December, 1983.
Schema selection and stochastic inference in modular environments. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Washington, DC. August, 1983.
Cognitive temperature and learning in connectionist models. Cognitive Science Society. Rochester, NY. May, 1983.

Colloquium and Seminar Presentations (since 1995)

2000

Linguistics Colloquium, University of California, Los Angeles

1999

Linguistics Colloquium, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Physics Colloquium, Rutgers University

1998

Cognitive Science Round Table, Stanford University.
Linguistics Colloquium, Stanford University. Linguistics Colloquium, NYU.
Linguistics Colloquium, Yale University.
Applied Physics Laboratory Colloquium, Johns Hopkins University.
Philosophy Colloquium, Johns Hopkins University.

1997

Center for Cognitive Science Colloquium, Rutgers University.
Optimality Theory Research Seminar, Rutgers University.

1996

Linguistics Colloquium, Stanford University.
Language Acquisition Seminar, Stanford University.

1995

Computer Science Colloquium, Rutgers University.
Linguistics Colloquium, Cornell University.
Program in Cognitive Science and Linguistics Colloquium, MIT.
Linguistics Colloquium, University of Southern California.
Linguistics Colloquium, University of Maryland.
Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Colloquium, University of Pennsylvania.
Linguistics Colloquium, University of California, Los Angeles.
Linguistics Colloquium, University of Delaware.

Service to National Scientific Organizations

National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine Workshop, Opportunities for Interdisciplinary Training, Invited Speaker, 1999.
NSF Science and Technology Center Program site visit team member, 1996.
NSF Workshop on Learning and Intelligent Systems Initiative Team Leader, 1995.
NSF Young Investigator Award Panel, 1993.
NSF Workshop on Approaches to AI, 1993 NSF Cognitive Science Initiative Workshop, 1991.
NSF Science and Technology Center Program panel member and site visit team chairman, 1990.
NSF Institutional Infrastructure Program site visit team member, 1989.
NSF Workshop on Connectionism and Cognitive Science, 1986.

Professional Societies

Cognitive Science Society
Linguistics Society of America
Society for Philosophy and Psychology
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Special Interest Group on Neural Networks
International Neural Networks Society
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility

University Service

Brain and Behavioral Sciences Advisory Committee
Krieger-Eisenhower Chair Selection Committee
Anthropology Department Senior Search Committee
Undergraduate Writing Requirement Evaluation Committee
Ad hoc promotion/appointment committees: Computer Science, Anthropology, Psychology

Courses Developed

Formal methods in cognitive science: neural networks. Fall 1998.
Graduate phonology II. Spring 1997.
Graduate phonology I. Fall 1996.
Minds, brains, and computers. Spring 1996.
Seminar in Optimality Theoretic phonology. Spring 1995.
Seminar in Optimality Theory and connectionism in linguistics. Spring 1994.
Computation for cognitive scientists (for non?computer?science graduate students). Spring 1993.
Mathematical perspectives on neural networks. Spring 1991.
Modules for Introduction to AI: Logic; Cognitive Modeling; Machine Learning. Fall 1990.
Foundations of cognitive science. Fall 1989.
Advanced seminar in connectionist modeling. Spring 1988.
Topics in cognitive science: Connectionism; Formal Syntax. Spring 1988.
Survey of cognitive science. Fall 1987.
Introduction to connectionist AI. Spring 1986.
Advanced AI programming. Fall 1985.

Doctoral Thesis Supervision

Hale, John. Optimality-Theoretic Syntax in Neural Networks. Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University. Expected completion, 2003.
Davidson, Lisa. Second-Language Phonology Acquisition. Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University. Expected completion, 2003.
Goldrick, Matthew. Phonological Processing and Aphasia. Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University. Expected completion, 2002.
Gafos, Diamandis. The Articulatory Basis of Locality in Phonology. Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University. 1996.
Tesar, Bruce. Computational Optimality Theory. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. 1995.
Lynn, Patrick. System Interaction in Human Memory and Amnesia: Theoretical Analysis and Connectionist Modeling. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. 1994.
Bernstein, Bernard. EUCLID Supports Informal Argumentation with Hypertext. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. 1993.
McMillan, Clayton. (Co-supervisor with Michael Mozer) Rule Induction in a Neural Network through Symbolically Constrained Subsymbolic Processing. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. 1992.
Brousse, Olivier. Systematicity and Generativity in Neural Network Combinatorial Learning. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. 1991.
Sanger, Dennis. Contribution Analysis: A Technique for Assigning Responsibilities to Hidden Units in Connectionist Networks. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado. 1990.